Lysine, is soluble in water and exists in two stereoisomeric forms, L-lysine and D-lysine. D-lysine is biologically inactive, while L-lysine can be absorbed and utilized by organisms. Therefore, the market demand for L-lysine is mainly due to its applications in food processing, pharmaceutical preparations, and feed additives. L-lysine used in feed additives accounts for 90% of the total demand. L-lysine is commonly available as hydrochloride or sulfate salts, and appears as a white or brownish-yellow powder or granule.
There are several methods for the production of L-lysine, including protein hydrolysis, enzymatic conversion, chemical synthesis, and microbial fermentation. Among them, microbial fermentation is the primary industrial method for producing L-lysine, with the main production strains being mutant strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The use of microbial fermentation for L-lysine production has two distinct advantages:
1.The lysine produced through microbial metabolism is exclusively in the L-form, which is the desired and widely used type of lysine.
2. Microbial fermentation offers several benefits such as mild reaction conditions, low energy consumption, easy extraction and separation, and the potential for clean production.
in the diet can result in lower lysine levels in the plasma of rats, leading to the inhibition of liver albumin gene transcription and a decrease in the fractional synthesis rate of plasma albumin. Additionally, during fasting conditions, lysine serves as an important energy source, with a metabolic energy value of up to 19.228 MJ/kg. Numerous studies have demonstrated that supplementing lysine in animal feed can maintain protein stability, improve the growth and ketone body quality of poultry and livestock. Moreover, many immune and defense-related cytokines and antibodies in animals are predominantly protein-based, highlighting the close relationship between lysine and immune function in animals.
Lhas several other biological functions. For example, within animals, lysine can be converted into carnitine, participating in energy metabolism and aiding in the reduction of cholesterol. Research indicates that a low lysine diet can lead to symptoms such as fatty liver, anemia, and growth retardation in rats. Furthermore, lysine has a significant impact on bone metabolism. A deficiency in lysine can result in reduced synthesis of collagen, thus affecting skeletal metabolism. Studies have shown that L-lysine has a notable preventive and therapeutic effect on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat models. Lysine also exhibits protective effects against damage in the nervous system, including the brain.
In recent years, with the rapid economic development and improvement in living standards worldwide, an increasing number of people have started paying attention to improving dietary nutrition and adjusting their eating habits. The demand for high-quality and healthy meat products has been expanding. Therefore, studying feed formulation through nutritional regulation has become an effective approach to enhancing animal immunity, reducing antibiotic usage, improving feed conversion rates, and enhancing meat quality. It has also become an inevitable trend in the livestock industry.
1. The application of lysine in fish feed
In addition to these effects, adding lysine to fish feed enhances both non-specific and specific immune responses in the experimental fish, thereby strengthening their disease resistance.
2. The application of lysine in poultry feed
The application of lysine in poultry feed has shown significant benefits. Arginine is an essential amino acid for poultry, participating in various vital biological activities such as protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and hormone secretion. Additionally, lysine is the second-limiting amino acid for poultry. The amount of lysine directly affects the utilization of arginine by animals. There is an antagonistic relationship between lysine and arginine, where an increase in the level of dietary arginine can lead to lysine deficiency.
Research has indicated that the optimal ratio of arginine to lysine for broiler chickens is between 1.050 and 1.134. At this ratio, the body weight gain and feed conversion rate of broiler chickens reach their highest levels, with a 2.67% increase in daily weight gain compared to the control group and a 4.6% decrease in feed conversion rate. Furthermore, the ratio of lysine, methionine, and threonine significantly affects the growth performance, blood biochemical indicators, nutrient apparent metabolism rate, and muscle quality of Hupo geese.
3. The application of lysine in livestock feed
In addition, lysine is a necessary amino acid for milk protein synthesis and also affects lactose synthesis, thereby restricting milk production in cows. Studies have shown that lysine has a dose-dependent effect on lactose content and the expression of lactose synthesis genes glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase I (HKI), and hexokinase II (HKII) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). When the lysine concentration in the cell culture medium is between 2.0 and 8.0 mmol/L, the promotion effect is better.
HSF Biotech L-lysine Powder
HSF is a leading producer of L-lysine for feed applications. L-lysine is a vital amino acid for animal growth, but its natural concentration in major feed ingredients such as corn, wheat, and soybeans is low. HSF's production of lysine for feed use has made it possible to supplement this nutrient in animal feed, ensuring that animals receive optimal levels of lysine for their growth and development.
The addition of L-lysine in feed is essential for improving feed conversion rate, enhancing animal immunity, promoting animal growth, and reducing production costs in the livestock industry. The scientific formulation of lysine is critical to ensure that other amino acids are not affected negatively.
HSF's lysine for feed use has been widely applied in the livestock industry, providing farmers with an efficient and cost-effective way to improve animal nutrition. The addition of L-lysine in feed has been shown to increase feed intake, promote weight gain, and enhance the quality of meat products.
for feed use, combined with its research on the most effective ways to add L-lysine in feed, has become an effective approach to achieve green and healthy meat production. By optimizing animal nutrition, farmers can reduce production costs and provide consumers with high-quality, nutritious meat products.
